Virginia Water Treatment Examination Formula Sheet
Alkalinity Relationships
Alkalinity mg/L as CaCO3
| Results of Titration | Hydroxide Alkalinity as CaCO3 | Carbonate Alkalinity as CaCO3 | Bicarbonate Concentration as CaCO3 |
P = 0 |
0 |
0 |
T |
P < 1/2 T |
0 |
2P |
T - 2P |
P = 1/2 T |
0 |
2P |
0 |
P > 1/2 T |
2P - T |
2(T-P) |
0 |
P = T |
T |
0 |
0 |
*Key: P - phenolphthalein alkalinity; T - total alkalinity
Conversion Factors |
Abbreviations |
| 1 acre = 43,560 feet | cfs - cubic feet per second |
| 1 acre foot = 326,000 gallons | DO - dissolved oxygen |
| 1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons | ft - feet |
| 1 cubic foot = 62.4 pounds | GPD - gallons per day |
| 1 cubic foot per second = 0.646 MGD | gpg - grains per gallons |
| 1 foot = 0.305 meters | GPM - gallons per minute |
| 1 foot of water = 0.433 psi | in - inches |
| 1 gallon = 3.79 liters | kW - kilowatt |
| 1 gallon = 8.34 pounds | lbs - pounds |
| 1 grain per gallon = 17.1 mg/L | MG - million gallons |
| 1 horsepower = 0.746 k@ or 746 watts or 33,000 ft lbs/min | MGD - million gallons per day |
| 1 mile = 5,280 feet | mg/L - milligrams per liter |
| 1 million gallons per day = 694 gallons per minute | mL - milliliter |
| 1 million gallons per day = 1.55 cubic feet per second (cfs) | ppb - parts per billion |
| 1 pound = 0.454 kilograms | ppm - parts per million |
| 1 pound per square inch (psi) = 2.31 feet of water (psi) | psi - pounds per square inch |
| 1% = 10,000 mg/L | Q - flow |
| π or pi = 3.14 | SS - suspended solids |
| TOC - total organic carbon | |
| TSS - total suspended solids | |
| TTHM - total trihalomethanes | |
| VS - volatile solids |